Ruth Mack Brunswick
Notes relevées par Kurt Eissler au sujet de « L’homme aux
loups » dans « Comments on Erroneous Interpretations of
Freud’s Seduction Theory »
(Journal of the American
Psychoanalytic Association, 1993, vol. 41, n° 2, p. 571-583.)
Notes déposées par Muriel Gardiner à la Library of
Congress, Archives Freud, Washington, notes dont elle donna une copie à
Kurt Eissler pour son article. Ces notes portent essentiellement sur l’« Homme aux
Loups », à partir d’un souvenir retrouvé et
inconnu jusqu’alors. Ce souvenir retrouvé donne un éclairage
tout à fait nouveau sur le cas et sa construction, si ce n’est sur
la scène centrale de la névrose. Ces notes n’ayant jamais
été publiées...
Febr. 2, 1930
« [A] fragment of the analytic material concerned with the
patient’s relations to his Nanya ... is perhaps the most important element
came to light in our sixteen hours of the most concentrated analytic work. This
fragment is a memory wich suddenly appeared, and which was entirely unknown to
Professor Freud and to me, as well as to the patient, from our previous
analyses. The patient is very small, less than three, almost surely less than
two-and-a-half ... He goes with his Nanya to the toilet. This toilet seems to
have had two seats, although this is not certain. In any case, both the patient
and his Nanya have bowel movements. The patient is constipated - as he was
during all his adult life ; for years he was given daily enemas by a male
attendant. His Nanya tries to help him defecate ; she inserts her finger into
his anus, and teaches him that by pressing with the finger in a certain way,
defecation will be made easier.
We should call this anal masturbation of
the little boy by his nurse. »
Elle décrit aussi
dans ces notes les conditions de terminaison de l’analyse selon
Freud :
« ... technically necessary, had robbed the
analysis of’ its finality .... [I]t is credible that not all layers had
been exhausted. In my own analysis of the Wolf-Man [of 1926-1927] his illness
was so acute that apparently only the material belonging to it, immediately,
appeared. With the cessation of symptoms, and the absolute failure to recover
any new material whatsoever, there seemed nothing further to
analyze. »
I should like to add another reason as to why
the return of the memory became possible. After 1927 the Wolf Man was in a far
healthier state than before, and this reduced his resistance. I shall quote a
passage from Mack Brunswick’s report because it shows a side of the Wolf
Man that is not too well known:
« He looked exceedingly
well, alert, immaculately dressed, and cheerful .... The Wolf-Man now got along
entirely easily with his fellow-workers in his office. He had no difficulties in
his relations with men, whether they were equals or father-persons. Moreover, he
had become much more productive in his work than ever before, especially in a
mathematical direction....
I had never seen the W., during my analysis,
with his normal activity toward men, women and life in general. He was a very
different person from the one whom I had analyzed : energetic, quick and
decided. He showed a great deal of consideration for his wife, but seemed in no
way under her thumb, as he had been so markedly during his paranoia. »
« It is perhaps not an accident that the patient in whom
the passive relation of the neurotic man to the father was first classically
presented should now be available for the demonstration of the earliest and, in
its origins, most passive of all relations, that of the child to the mother or
mother substitute [p. 6]. »
« We drew the
conclusion, the pt. and I, that his open seduction by his sister was also a
cover memory for an earlier, far more prolonged and more generalized seduction
by his nurse [p. 8]. »
« From these facts we may
deduce how strongly seductive this primitive old nurse, who later became insane,
was in her influence upon both children, particularly in the anal field. What I
here trace back to the influence of the nurse, Freud, at a time when the role of
the nurse was less well known, traced back to the influence of the primal scene.
He says : "‘We cannot fail to be struck by the idea that perhaps the
sister, at a similar tender age, also witnessed the same scene as was observed
by her brother later on, and that it was this that had suggested to her her
notion about ‘standing people on their heads’ during the sexual act.
This hypothesis," Freud goes on to say, "would also give us a hint of the reason
for her own [the sister’s] sexual precocity" [Freud, 1918, pp.
56-57]."
What seems likely, in view of all the facts, is that both children
witnessed, at a very early age -under two years in both cases - a coitus on the
part of the parents ; that both children, at this very early age, were being
cared for by a particularly devoted nurse, who was very anally-erotic in
character ; and that the children interpreted the coitus of their parents in
terms of their own experience with their Nanya [pp.
8-91]. »
« Only at the time of the wolf dream,
when the pt. was 4 yrs. old, did his full awareness of the fact of castration
appear, with the remnant anxiety, and far fuller understanding of coitus was
really a coitus a tergo it is impossible determine. The entire family of the pt.
was so anal in character – anal intercourse was for years the sole mode of
coitus with the pt. - that it may very well have been. On the other hand, we
must remember that Freud says elsewhere - in the Vorlesungen – that
when the primal scene is reconstructed in any given case it is almost invariably
a coitus a tergo : and that this mode of sexual relations is much less common
than [would] appear from the phantasies of our pts. [cf. Freud, 1916-1917, pp.
369-371]. We might say that in the present case, it need not have been a coitus
a tergo, although it may well have been. The pt.’s constitution, plus his
anal seduction by his Nanya - who re fused to seduce him phallically, as you
will remember -, and above all, and this I should say applied to all cases, the
importance of the anal care of the child in the anal regression which comes as a
reaction to the discovery of castration, and the fact that coitus a tergo, or
anal intercourse, obviates the necessity for the existence of the vagina, is
adequate explanation for this most common form of the coitus
phantasy. »